Appendix 21-D
Habitat Profiles
Key Habitats and Species in Hawaiʻi
Mudflats/Coastal Wetlands/Lagoons |
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 Freshwater and Brackish |
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| Representative Location | Kāneʻohe Bay (represented above); other principal mudflats occur in Māmala Bay and Pearl Harbor | ||
| Sediment Characteristics | Well-sorted, fine-grained | ||
| Wave Energy | Low | ||
| Typical Species | Common Name | Hawaiian Name | Scientific Name |
| Birds | Black-crowned night-heron | ʻAukuʻu | Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli |
| Fish | Scalloped hammerhead shark (nursery) | Manō kihikihi | Sphyrna lewini |
Broad stingray (nursery)  |
lupe | Dasyatis lata | |
| Gobies | not known | Gobiidae | |
| Benthic Invertebrates | Alpheid shrimps | not known | Alpheus malabaricus |
| Portunid crabs | not known | Podophthalmus vigil, Libystes villosus | |
| Stomatopods | not known | Oratosquilla oratoria, Gonodactylaceus falcatus, Pseudosquilla ciliata | |
| Polychaetes | not known | Neanthes spp. | |
| Plants | Bulrushes | not known | Schoenoplectus spp. |
| Panic grass (invasive) | not known | Panicum purpurascens | |
| Pickleweed (invasive) | not known | Batis maritima | |
| Green algae | limu | Ulva, Enteromorpha | |
| Seagrasses | not known | Halophila hawaiiana and H. decipiens | |
| Threatened or Endangered Species | |||
| Sea Turtles | Green turtle | Honu | Chelonia mydas |
| Birds | Hawaiian stilt | Aeʻo | Himantopus mexicanus knudseni |
| Hawaiian coot | ʻAlae Keʻokeʻo | Fulica alai | |
| Hawaiian duck | Koloa maoli | Anas wyvilliana | |
| Hawaiian common moorhen | ʻAlae ʻUla | Gallinula chloropus sandvicensis | |
| Photo Credits: Kāneʻohe Mudflat: https://lovelyhawaii.blogspot.com/2009/05/kaneohe-bay-low-tide-sunrise.html Dasyatis lata: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_stingray |
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Rocky Intertidal and Tide Pools |
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 High Wave Energy |
 Low Wave Energy |
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| Representative Location | Shorelines of all islands where constant wave action, currents, steep submarine slopes, and a lack of offshore sand reservoirs limit the accumulation of sand. ʻĪlio Point on Hawaiʻi is a typical high-energy tide pool habitat. | ||
| Sediment Characteristics | Little sediment where wave energy is high; accumulation of fine sediment may occur where wave energy is low | ||
| Wave Energy | Various | ||
| Typical Species | Common Name | Hawaiian Name | Scientific Name |
| Birds | Black-crowned night-heron | ʻAukuʻu | Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli |
| Fish | Hawaiian Flagtail | Āholehole | Kuhlia sandvicensis |
| Convict Tang | Manini | Acanthurus triostegus | |
| Zebra rockskipper | Pāo ʻo | Istiblennius zebra | |
| Gobies | Not known | Gobiidae | |
| Benthic Invertebrates | Hawaiian Limpet | ʻopihi | Cellana exarata |
| Helmet Urchin | hāʻukeʻuke kaupali | Colobocentrotus atratus | |
| Gastropods | Not known | Littoraria pintado, Siphonaria normalis, Nerita picea, and Morula granulata | |
| Samoan crab | Not known | Scylla serrata | |
| Day Octopus | Not known | Octopus cyanea | |
| Polychaetes | Not known | Neanthes spp. | |
| Plants | Sea lettuce | Not known | Ulva fasciata; Ulva reticulata |
| Green Algae | Not known | Halimeda, Neomeris, Caulerpa | |
| Red algae | Not known | Hydrolithon, Melanamansia, Pterocladiella, Jania | |
| Brown algae | Not known | Padina, Turbinaria, Dictyota | |
| Threatened or Endangered Species | |||
| Sea Turtles | Green turtle | Honu | Chelonia mydas |
| Birds | Hawaiian stilt | aeʻo | Himantopus mexicanus knudseni |
| Photo Credits: Low Wave Energy: Tidepools at Maui, Puhilele Pt Haleakalā National Park by Forest & Kim Starr. Licensed under Public domain via Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_040423-0115_Scaevola_taccada.jpg High Wave Energy: Exposed wave-cut platform in bedrock. ftp://ftp.nodc.noaa.gov/pub/data.nodc/coris/data/NOAA/nos/EnvironmentalSensitivityIndices/Hawaii/ESI_DATA/INTRO.PDF |
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Coastal Fishponds |
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 Heʻeia Fish pond |
 Mōliʻi Fish Pond |
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| Representative Location | Māmala Bay, Pearl Harbor, several around Kāneʻohe Bay (above), and three on the southwestern coast of Kauaʻi | ||
| Sediment Characteristics | Surface layer of fine-grained sediment and underlying coarse grains. | ||
| Wave Energy | Low | ||
| Typical Species | Common Name | Hawaiian Name | Scientific Name |
| Birds | Black-crowned night-heron | ʻAukuʻu | Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli |
| Northern Shovelers | Koloa mohā | Anas clypeata | |
| Fish | Striped Mullet | ʻAmaʻama | Mugil cephalus |
| Milkfish | Awa | Chanos chanos | |
| Hawaiian Flagtail | Āholehole | Kuhlia sandvicensis | |
| Benthic Invertebrates | Hawaiian Oysters | not known | Dendrostrea sandvicensis |
| Anchialine shrimp | ʻŌpae ʻula | Halocaridina rubra | |
| Samoan Crab | Scylla serrata | ||
| Plants | Seaweed | Limu | Numerous species |
| Rock-dwelling algae | |||
| Pickleweed (invasive) | not known | Batis maritima | |
| Red Mangrove (invasive threatens habitat conversion) | not known | Rhizophora mangle | |
| Seagrasses | not known | Halophila Hawaiiana and H. decipiens | |
| Red Algae (invasive) | not known | Acanthophora spicifera | |
| Threatened or Endangered Species | |||
| Sea Turtles | Green turtle | Honu | Chelonia mydas |
| Birds | Hawaiian stilt | Aeʻo | Himantopus mexicanus knudseni |
| Hawaiian coot | ʻAlae Keʻokeʻo | Fulica alai | |
| Hawaiian duck | Koloa maoli | Anas wyvilliana | |
| Hawaiian common moorhen | ʻAlae ʻUla | Gallinula chloropus sandvicensis | |
| Photo Credits: Mōliʻi Fishpond by Joel Bradshaw. Licensed under Public domain via Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Molii_Fishpond#/media/File:Oahu-Moliifishpond-rockwall.JPG Heʻeia Fishpond: https://fishpondfever.wordpress.com/about/ |
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Seagrass Beds |
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 |
 |
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| Representative Location | Inner reef flats of south Molokaʻi; ʻAnini (Kauaʻi); near Māmala Bay and Kāneʻohe Bay | ||
| Sediment Characteristics | Seagrass can inhabit various sediment types including silt, mud, sand, gravel, rock | ||
| Wave Energy | Various | ||
| Typical Species | Common Name | Hawaiian Name | Scientific Name |
| Birds | Black-crowned night-heron | ʻAukuʻu | Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli |
| Fish | Striped Mullet | ʻamaʻama | Mugil cephalus |
| Hawaiian Flagtail | āholehole | Kuhlia sandvicensis | |
| Benthic Invertebrates | Sea cucumbers | loli okuhi kuhi | Holothuria atra |
| Hawaiian gastropod | not known | Smaragdia bryanae | |
| Polychaetes | not known | Neanthes spp. | |
| Plants | Seagrasses | not known | Halophila Hawaiiana and H. decipiens |
| Green Algae/Mudweed (invasive) | not known | Avrainvillea amadelpha | |
| Sea lettuce | not known | Ulva reticulata | |
| Green Algae | not known | Halimeda discoidea | |
| Red algae | not known | Spyridia filamentosa | |
| Threatened or Endangered Species | |||
| Sea Turtles | Green turtle | Honu | Chelonia mydas |
| Birds | Hawaiian coot | ʻAlae keʻokeʻo | Fulica alai |
| Hawaiian common moorhen | ʻAlae ʻUla | Gallinula chloropus sandvicensis | |
| Photo Credits: Left: Seagrass. Halophila Hawaiiana. LIMU Species List 2005. University of Hawaiʻi’s Marine Option Program Summer Course Quantitative Underwater Ecological Surveying Techniques (QUEST). LIMU Species List 2005. https://www.kmec.uhh.Hawaii.edu/QUESTInfo/limujs/Limulist/LIMU%20Species%20List%202005JS.htm Right: https://coconutislandnews.blogspot.com/2012/03/Hawaiian-seagrass-not-your-average.html |
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Mixed Sediment Bays and Harbors |
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 |
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| Representative Location | Pearl Harbor | ||
| Sediment Characteristics | Soft sediment overlaid on limestone platform of fossil reef origin; soft sediments often composed of carbonate grains derived from coralline algae, coral, mollusk fragments, foraminiferans, and tests of bryozoans and echinoderms | ||
| Wave Energy | low | ||
| Typical Species | Common Name | Hawaiian Name | Scientific Name |
| Birds | Black-crowned night-heron | ʻAukuʻu | Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli |
| Bristle-thighed curlew | Kioea | Numenius tahitiensis | |
| Pacific golden plover | kōlea | Pluvialis dominica fulva | |
| Brown booby | Not known | Sula leucogaster plotus | |
| Black noddy | noio, ʻekiʻeki | Anous minutus melanogenys | |
| Fish | Hawaiian Flagtail | āholehole | Kuhlia sandvicensis |
| yellowfin goatfish | Weke, weke ʻula | Mulloidicthyes vanicolensis | |
| Mozambique Tilapia (invasive) | Not known | Oreochromis mossambicus | |
| Gobies | Not known | Gobiidae | |
| Hawaiian anchovy | Nehu | Enchasicholina purpurea | |
| Striped Mullet | ʻamaʻama | Mugil cephalus | |
| Benthic Invertebrates | White crab | Kuahonu | Portunus sanguinolentus |
| Samoan crab | Not known | Scylla serrata | |
| Hooded oyster (invasive) | Not known | Saccostrea cucullata | |
| Hawaiian rock oyster | Not known | Ostrea sandvichensis | |
| Soft bodied sea cucumber | Not known | Ophiodesoma spectabilis | |
| Day Octopus | heʻe | Octopus cyanea | |
| Polychaetes | not known | Neanthes spp. | |
| Plants | Pickleweed (invasive) | not known | Batis maritima |
| Red Mangrove (invasive) | not known | Rhizophora mangle | |
| Sea lettuce | not known | Ulva reticulata | |
| Threatened or Endangered Species | |||
| Sea Turtles | Green turtle | Honu | Chelonia mydas |
| Birds | Hawaiian stilt | Aeʻo | Himantopus mexicanus knudseni |
| Hawaiian coot | ʻAlae Keʻokeʻo | Fulica alai | |
| Hawaiian duck | Koloa maoli | Anas wyvilliana | |
| Hawaiian common moorhen | ʻAlae ʻUla | Gallinula chloropus sandvicensis | |
| white tern | Manu-o-Kū | Gygis alba rothschildi | |
| Photo Credits: Aerial view of Pearl Harbor. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor |
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