Appendix 9-B

Initial Shortlist of Pesticides Used in Sugarcane and Pineapple Operations and Selection for Further Consideration

 

Chemical1 Synonyms Laboratory Analytical Grouping2 Period Used
in Hawaiʻi3
Persistence4 Mobility5 Known Use in Sugar Cane Production? Known Use in Pineapple Production?
Benomyl Benlate 8321
(Carbamates)
1970s to present? Moderate Moderate Yes Yes
Diuron Karmex 8321
(Carbamates)
1960s-present Moderate Moderate Yes Yes
Methyl Sulfanilcarbamate Asulam 8321
(Carbamates)
1970s-present Moderate Moderate Yes Yes
Oxamyl Vydate 8321
(Carbamates)
1980s-present? Low High No Yes
Propiconazole Tilt 8321
(Carbamates)
1980s-present? Moderate Low Yes Yes
Dalapon 8151 or 8321
(Chlorinated Herbicides)
1953 – present? Moderate High Yes Yes
Dicamba 8151 or 8321
(Chlorinated Herbicides)
? to present Moderate High Yes No
Dichlorophenoxyacetic
Acid (2,4 D)
2,4-D 8151 or 8321
(Chlorinated Herbicides)
1960s-present Low Moderate Yes No
Dichloropropane, 1,2- 8151 or 8321
(Chlorinated Herbicides)
1940s-1974 Moderate High No Yes
Dichloropropene, 1,3- Telone,
D-D 92
8151 or 8321
(Chlorinated Herbicides)
1940s-present? Low High No Yes
Picloram Tordon 8151 or 8321
(Chlorinated Herbicides)
1960s-present? Moderate High Yes No
Trichlorophenoxyacetic
Acid, 2,4,5- (2,4,5 T)
2,4,5-T 8151 or 8321
(Chlorinated Herbicides)
1960s? Moderate Moderate Yes No
Trichlorophenoxypropionic
Acid, 2,4,5- (2,4,5 Tp)
2,4,5-TP, Silvex 8151 or 8321
(Chlorinated Herbicides)
1960s? Low High Yes No
Table 9-B (continued)
Chemical1 Synonyms Laboratory Analytical Grouping2 Period Used
in Hawaiʻi3
Persistence4 Mobility5 Known Use in Sugar Cane Production? Known Use in Pineapple Production?
Arsenic 6010B or 6020
(Heavy Metals)
1913 to 1960s High Site-specific Yes ?
Lead 6010B or 6020
(Heavy Metals)
Unknown High Site-specific Yes No
Mercury Phenylmercuric acetate 7471
(Mercury)
?-1969 High Moderate Yes No
Methyl Mercury 7471
(Mercury)
?-1969 High? High? Yes No
Captafol Difolatan 8081 or 8270
(Organochlorine Pesticides)
1970s to ? Low Moderate Yes Yes
Chlordane (Technical) Technical Chlordane 8081 or 8270
(Organochlorine Pesticides)
1960s to 1988 Moderate Moderate No Yes
Endosulfan 8081 or 8270
(Organochlorine Pesticides)
1960s-1980s? Moderate Moderate No Yes
Heptachlor 8081 or 8270
(Organochlorine Pesticides)
1960s-1988 Moderate Moderate Yes Yes
Heptachlor Epoxide 8081 or 8270
(Organochlorine Pesticides)
1960s-1988 High Low No Yes
Hexachlorocyclohexane, Gamma Lindane, BHC 8081 or 8270
(Organochlorine Pesticides)
1960s-present? Moderate Moderate No Yes
Trifluralin Treflan 8081 or 8270
(Organochlorine Pesticides)
1980s-present Moderate Moderate Yes No
Chlorpyrifos Dursban 8141 or 8270
(Organophosphorus Pesticides)
1970s to present? Moderate Low Yes Yes
Table 9-B (continued)
Chemical1 Synonyms Laboratory Analytical Grouping2 Period Used
in Hawaiʻi3
Persistence4 Mobility5 Known Use in Sugar Cane Production? Known Use in Pineapple Production?
Diazinon 8141 or 8270
(Organophosphorus Pesticides)
1960s – present Moderate Moderate Yes Yes
Malathion 8141 or 8270
(Organophosphorus Pesticides)
1960s-present? Low High Yes Yes
Parathion 8141 or 8270
(Organophosphorus Pesticides)
1960s-1992 High Moderate No Yes
Ethephon Ethrel 8270
(SVOCs)
1980s-present? Low High Yes Yes
Captan Ethyl Mercapton 8270
(SVOCs)
1960s to ? Low Moderate No Yes
Dichlorophenol, 2,4- 8270
(SVOCs)
1960s-present Low Moderate Yes No
Tetrachlorophenol, 2,3,4,6- 8270
(SVOCs)
1960s-1984? Moderate Moderate Yes Yes
Pentachlorophenol 8270 or 8151
(SVOCs or Chlorinated Herbicides)
1960s-1970 Moderate Low Yes Yes
Ametryn Evik 8141 or 8270
(Triazine Pesticides)
1960s to present Moderate Moderate Yes Yes
Atrazine Astrex 8141 or 8270
(Triazine Pesticides)
1960s to present Moderate Moderate Yes Yes
Hexazinone Velpar 8141 or 8270
(Triazine Pesticides)
1970s-present Moderate Moderate Yes Yes
Metribuzin 8141 or 8270
(Triazine Pesticides)
1970s-present High Moderate Yes No
Simazine 8141 or 8270
(Triazine Pesticides)
1960s-present Moderate Moderate Yes Yes
Table 9-B (continued)
Chemical1 Synonyms Laboratory Analytical Grouping2 Period Used
in Hawaiʻi3
Persistence4 Mobility5 Known Use in Sugar Cane Production? Known Use in Pineapple Production?
Bromodichloromethane 8260
(VOCs)
1960s to ? Low High No Yes
Bromomethane Methyl Bromide 8260
(VOCs)
1960s to present Low High No Yes
Dibromo-3-Chloropropane, 1,2- DBCP 8260
(VOCs)
1940s-1985 Moderate Moderate No Yes
Dibromochloromethane 8260
(VOCs)
Unknown Moderate High No Yes
Dibromoethane, 1,2- EDB 8260
(VOCs)
1940s-1983 Moderate High No Yes
Trichloropropene, 1,2,3- TCP 8260
(VOCs)
1940s-1978 Moderate Moderate No Yes
Dioxins/Furans 8280/8290
(Dioxins/furans)
1960s-1985? High Low Yes Yes
Glyphosate Roundup, Rodeo, Polado 547 Low High Yes Yes
Terbacil Sinbar 633
(Organonitrogen Pesticides)
1970s-present High High Yes No
Table 9-B (continued)
Notes:
1 Refer to Appendix 9-A. Pesticide retained for consideration if toxicity data and standard laboratory analytical method available. Includes pesticide likely to drive environmental hazards at former agricultural sites.
2 Laboratory analytical method used to categorize pesticides may not match actual pesticide chemical category.
3 For sugarcane and pineapple agricultural purposes, reported or estimated dates of use in Hawaiʻi.
4 Persistence ranking based on chemical and biological degradation potential.
Metals all given persistence of “high”
Scale for persistence for chemicals with half-life data:
High = >1 year
Moderate = one month to one year
Low = <one month
Where multiple values reported, highest value used to make determination. Soil degradation rates used are used preferentially.
Data for one isomer used to estimate persistence of other isomers, as necessary.
5 Mobility ranking based on sorption coefficient, solubility and volatility.
Sorption coefficient (Koc):
High = KoC<100
Moderate = 100<Koc<3,000
Low KoC>3,000
KoC values from USEPA May 2008 RSL guidance when available; otherwise as complied as noted in Appendix 9-A.
If no KoC was available, but water solubility was high, pesticide was assumed to have high mobility.
All volatiles given a mobility of High. Volatiles = Henry’s law constant (unitless) >1E-4 and molecular weight <200
All metals given a mobility of Low
VOC Volatile Organic Compounds
SVOC Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds